Psychological Disorders

Panic Disorder

- Introduction
"I was just walking to the MRT station. Then, without warning, I felt this wave of fear washing over me. My heart was beating quickly and my chest began to hurt. I found it harder to breathe and I thought I was going to die within a few seconds. I am so afraid, and I would rather stay at home and not do anything. Every time I go out, I have this worry that another panic attack might happen to me in public…"

Panic disorder can be an extremely debilitating disorder that is associated with psychological, social and occupational impairment and a diminished quality of life. It is characterized by recurrent panic attacks, often at unexpected times. Panic attacks, in essence, are characterized by an overwhelming fear of certain disaster or losing control. The person would feel as though each attack is a sign of impending death or incapacitation. Given the unpredictability of an attack, patients often worry and dread the possibility of having another attack. The recurrent panic attacks often take an emotional toll as the memory of the intense terror during the attacks can negatively impact one's self-esteem, causing disruptions to everyday life. Consequently, they may avoid going to places or neglect important duties for fear an attack might occur if they are too active.

- Symptons
The signs and symptoms of a panic attack usually develop abruptly and reach their peak within 10 minutes. However, most attacks subside before ending within 20 – 30 minutes. The following is a list of physical symptoms.

• Shortness of breath or hyperventilation
• Heart palpitations
• Trembling and choking
• Sweating, hot or cold flashe
• Nausea, feeling dizzy and fainting
• Feeling unreal and detached from one's surroundings

- Risk Factors and Causes
Currently, the exact causes of panic attacks and disorders remain unclear. It is believed to be a result of a complex interplay amongst biological vulnerabilities, psychological ways of thinking, and social stressors. Panic disorder often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood, and more women than men have this condition. The tendency to have panic attacks has been found to run in families. Furthermore, panic attacks have a connection with major life transitions, such as graduating from college. Severe stress can also trigger a panic attack.

- Treatment
There is help for people with panic disorders. In fact, it is actually one of the most treatable anxiety disorders. Once again, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been regarded as one of the most effective form of treatments for panic attacks. Firstly, it identifies and changes the distorted thinking patterns that maintain anxiety. Secondly, the patient will undergo desensitization through exposure to feared situations. This process will give the patient the opportunities to learn healthier ways of coping. By creating sensations similar to the symptoms of panic, the patient gradually becomes less afraid of these internal bodily sensations and ultimately, achieves a greater sense of control over the panic.